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Cyanthillium cinereum  (L.) H.Rob. is one of the most popular herbal smoking cessation aids currently used in Thailand, and its adulteration with  Emilia sonchifolia  (L.) DC. is often found in the herbal market. Therefore, the quality of the raw material must be considered. This work aimed to integrate macro- and microscopic, chemical and genetic authentication strategies to differentiate  C. cinereum  raw material from its adulterant. Different morphological features between  C. cinereum  and  E. sonchifolia  were simply recognized at the leaf base. For microscopic characteristics, trichome and pappus features were different between the two plants. HPTLC profiles showed a distinct band that could be used to unambiguously differentiate  C. cinereum  from  E. sonchifolia . Four triterpenoid compounds,  β -amyrin, taraxasterol, lupeol, and betulin, were identified from the distinct HPTLC band of  C. cinereum . The use of core DNA barcode regions;  rbc L,  mat K, ITS and  psb A- trn H provided species-level resolution to differentiate the two plants. Taken together, the integration of macroscopic and microscopic characterization, phytochemical analysis by HPTLC and DNA barcoding distinguished  C. cinereum  from  E. sonchifolia . The signatures of  C. cinereum  obtained here can help manufacturers to increase the quality control of  C. cinereum  raw material in commercialized smoking cessation products.

scientific reports

Differentiation of Cyanthillium cinereum, a smoking cessation herb, from its adulterant Emilia sonchifolia using macroscopic and microscopic examination, HPTLC profiles and DNA barcodes