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The statistical behaviours of the invariants of the velocity gradient tensor and flow topologies for Rayleigh–Bénard convection of Newtonian fluids in cubic enclosures have been analysed using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) for a range of different values of Rayleigh (i.e.    \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} 				\usepackage{amsmath} 				\usepackage{wasysym}  				\usepackage{amsfonts}  				\usepackage{amssymb}  				\usepackage{amsbsy} 				\usepackage{mathrsfs} 				\usepackage{upgreek} 				\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} 				\begin{document}$$Ra=10^7-10^9$$\end{document}    R  a  =   10  7   -   10  9) and Prandtl (i.e.    \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} 				\usepackage{amsmath} 				\usepackage{wasysym}  				\usepackage{amsfonts}  				\usepackage{amssymb}  				\usepackage{amsbsy} 				\usepackage{mathrsfs} 				\usepackage{upgreek} 				\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} 				\begin{document}$$Pr=1$$\end{document}    P  r  =  1and 320) numbers. The behaviours of second and third invariants of the velocity gradient tensor suggest that the bulk region of the flow at the core of the domain is vorticity-dominated whereas the regions in the vicinity of cold and hot walls, in particular in the boundary layers, are found to be strain rate-dominated and this behaviour has been found to be independent of the choice of  Ra  and  Pr  values within the range considered here. Accordingly, it has been found that the focal topologies S1 and S4 remain predominant in the bulk region of the flow and the volume fraction of nodal topologies increases in the vicinity of the active hot and cold walls for all cases considered here. However, remarkable differences in the behaviours of the joint probability density functions (PDFs) between second and third invariants of the velocity gradient tensor (i.e.  Q  and  R ) have been found in response to the variations of  Pr . The classical teardrop shape of the joint PDF between  Q  and  R  has been observed away from active walls for all values of  Pr , but this behavior changes close to the heated and cooled walls for high values of  Pr  (e.g.    \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} 				\usepackage{amsmath} 				\usepackage{wasysym}  				\usepackage{amsfonts}  				\usepackage{amssymb}  				\usepackage{amsbsy} 				\usepackage{mathrsfs} 				\usepackage{upgreek} 				\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} 				\begin{document}$$Pr=320$$\end{document}    P  r  =  320) where the joint PDF exhibits a shape mirrored at the vertical  Q -axis. It has been demonstrated that the junctions at the edges of convection cells are responsible for this behaviour for    \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} 				\usepackage{amsmath} 				\usepackage{wasysym}  				\usepackage{amsfonts}  				\usepackage{amssymb}  				\usepackage{amsbsy} 				\usepackage{mathrsfs} 				\usepackage{upgreek} 				\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} 				\begin{document}$$Pr=320$$\end{document}    P  r  =  320, which also increases the probability of finding S3 topologies with large negative magnitudes of  Q  and  R . By contrast, this behaviour is not observed in the    \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} 				\usepackage{amsmath} 				\usepackage{wasysym}  				\usepackage{amsfonts}  				\usepackage{amssymb}  				\usepackage{amsbsy} 				\usepackage{mathrsfs} 				\usepackage{upgreek} 				\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} 				\begin{document}$$Pr=1$$\end{document}    P  r  =  1case and these differences between flow topology distributions in Rayleigh–Bénard convection in response to  Pr  suggest that the modelling strategy for turbulent natural convection of gaseous fluids may not be equally well suited for simulations of turbulent natural convection of liquids with high values of  Pr .

Near wall Prandtl number effects on velocity gradient invariants and flow topologies in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection