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Changes in insect herbivore performance under elevated atmosphere carbon dioxide concentrations e[CO 2 ] are often driven by changes in the nutritional and defensive chemistry of their host plants. Studies addressing how the prolific pest cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) responds to e[CO 2 ] show that performance usually declines, often associated with lower nutritional (e.g. nitrogen (N) concentrations) quality of host plants under e[CO 2 ]. We investigated the impacts of e[CO 2 ] on nutritional quality and anti-herbivore (jasmonate) defensive signalling in lucerne ( Medicago sativa ) when challenged by  H. armigera . While foliar N decreased under e[CO 2 ], other aspects of nutritional quality (soluble protein, amino acids, foliar C:N) were largely unaffected, potentially due to increased root nodulation under e[CO 2 ]. In contrast, e[CO 2 ] greatly reduced jasmonate signalling in  M. sativa  following  H. armigera  attack; jasmonic acid concentrations were  ca . 56% lower in attacked plants grown under e[CO 2 ]. Concurrent with this, relative growth rates of  H. armigera  were  ca.  66% higher when feeding on e[CO 2 ]-grown plants. In contrast with previous reports, which we meta-analytically summarise, we provide the first evidence that  H. armigera  performance can increase under e[CO 2 ]. This may occur in plants, such as  M. sativa , where e[CO 2 ] has limited impacts on nutritional quality yet reduces jasmonate defence signalling.

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Increased insect herbivore performance under elevated CO2 is associated with lower plant defence signalling and minimal declines in nutritional quality