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Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing-like proteins (NLPs) are secreted by fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. Conserved nlp peptides derived from NLPs are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to PAMP-triggered immune responses. RLP23 is the receptor of the nlp peptides in  Arabidopsis thaliana ; however, its actual contribution to plant immunity is unclear. Here, we report that RLP23 is required for  Arabidopsis  immunity against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen  Botrytis cinerea .  Arabidopsis rlp23  mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to  B. cinerea  compared with the wild-type plants. Notably, microscopic observation of the  B. cinerea  infection behaviour indicated the involvement of RLP23 in pre-invasive resistance to the pathogen.  B. cinerea  carried two  NLP  genes,  BcNEP1  and  BcNEP2 ;  BcNEP1  was expressed preferentially before/during invasion into  Arabidopsis , whereas  BcNEP2  was expressed at the late phase of infection. Importantly, the nlp peptides derived from both BcNEP1 and BcNEP2 induced the production of reactive oxygen species in an RLP23-dependent manner. In contrast, another necrotrophic fungus  Alternaria brassicicola  did not express the  NLP  gene in the early infection phase and exhibited no enhanced virulence in the  rlp23  mutants. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that RLP23 contributes to  Arabidopsis  pre-invasive resistance to  B. cinerea  via NLP recognition at the early infection phase.

RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea