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Genetic diversity and differentiation are revealed particularly through spatio-temporal environmental heterogeneity.  Acer ginnala,  as a deciduous shrub/small tree, is a foundation species in many terrestrial ecosystems of Northern China. Owing to its increased use as an economic resource, this species has been in the vulnerability. Therefore, the elucidations of the genetic differentiation and influence of environmental factors on  A. ginnala  are very critical for its management and future utilization strategies. In this study, high genetic diversity and differentiation occurred in  A. ginnala , which might be resulted from its pollination mechanism and species characteristics. Compared with the species level, relatively low genetic diversity was detected at the population level that might be the cause for its vulnerability. There was no significant relationship between genetic and geographical distances, while a significant correlation existed between genetic and environmental distances. Among nineteen climate variables, Annual Mean Temperature (bio1), Mean Diurnal Range (bio2), Isothermality (bio3), Temperature Seasonality (bio4), Precipitation of Wettest Month (bio13), Precipitation Seasonality (bio15), and Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (bio18) could explain the substantial levels of genetic variation (> 40%) in this species. The  A. ginnala  populations were isolated into multi-subpopulations by the heterogeneous climate conditions, which subsequently promoted the genetic divergence. Climatic heterogeneity played an important role in the pattern of genetic differentiation and population distribution of  A. ginnala  across a relatively wide range in Northern China. These would provide some clues for the conservation and management of this vulnerable species.

Population genetic variation characterization of the boreal tree Acer ginnala in Northern China