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Insecticide resistance is currently a threat to the control of  Aedes agypti , the main vector of arboviruses in urban centers. Mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel ( Na   V  ), known as  kdr  (knockdown resistance), constitute an important selection mechanism for resistance against pyrethroids. In the present study, we investigated the  kdr  distribution for the Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys alterations in  Ae. aegypti  from 123 Brazilian municipalities, based on SNP genotyping assays in over 5,500 mosquitoes. The alleles  Na   V   S  (1016Val +  + 1534Phe + ),  Na   V   R1  (1016Val +  + 1534Cys  kdr  ) and  Na   V   R2  (1016Ile  kdr   + 1534Cys  kdr  ) were consistently observed, whereas  kdr  alleles have rapidly spread and increased in frequency.  Na   V   S  was the less frequent allele, mostly found in Northeastern populations. The highest allelic frequencies were observed for  Na   V   R1 , especially in the North, which was fixed in one Amazonian population. The double  kdr Na   V   R2  was more prevalent in the Central-west and South-eastern populations. We introduce the ‘ kdr  index’, which revealed significant spatial patterns highlighting two to three distinct Brazilian regions. The 410L  kdr  mutation was additionally evaluated in 25 localities, evidencing that it generally occurs in the  Na   V   R2  allele. This nationwide screening of a genetic mechanism for insecticide resistance is an important indication on how pyrethroid resistance in  Ae. aegypti  is evolving in Brazil.

Kdr genotyping in Aedes aegypti from Brazil on a nation-wide scale from 2017 to 2018