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The gaur is the largest extant cattle species and distributed across South and Southeast Asia. Around 85% of its current global population resides in India, however there has been a gradual decrease in the gaur population over the last two decades due to various anthropogenic activities. Mitochondrial genome is considered as an important tool for species identification and monitoring the populations of conservation concern and therefore it becomes an obligation to sequence the mitochondrial genome of Indian gaur. We report here for the first time 16,345 bp mitochondrial genome of four Indian gaur sequenced using two different approaches. Mitochondrial genome consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. Among the 37 genes, 28 were positioned on the H-strand and 9 were positioned on the L-strand. The overall base composition appeared to be 33.5% A, 27.2% T, 25.9% C and 13.4% G, which yielded a higher AT content. The phylogenetic analysis using complete mitochondrial genome sequences unambiguously suggested that gaur is the maternal ancestor of domestic mithun. Moreover, it also clearly distinguished the three sub species of  B. gaurus  i.e.  B. gaurus gaurus, B. gaurus readei  and  B. gaurus hubbacki . Among the three sub species,  B. gaurus gaurus  was genetically closer to  B. gaurus readei  as compared to  B. gaurus hubbacki . The findings of our study provide an insight into the genetic structure and evolutionary history of Indian gaur.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Indian gaur, Bos gaurus and its phylogenetic implications