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Larvae of the sleeping chironomid  Polypedilum vanderplanki  are known for their extraordinary ability to survive complete desiccation in an ametabolic state called “anhydrobiosis”. The unique feature of  P. vanderplanki  genome is the presence of expanded gene clusters associated with anhydrobiosis. While several such clusters represent orthologues of known genes, there is a distinct set of genes unique for  P. vanderplanki . These include Lea-Island-Located (LIL) genes with no known orthologues except two of LEA genes of  P. vanderplanki ,  PvLea1  and  PvLea3 . However, PvLIL proteins lack typical features of LEA such as the state of intrinsic disorder, hydrophilicity and characteristic LEA_4 motif. They possess four to five transmembrane domains each and we confirmed membrane targeting for three PvLILs. Conserved amino acids in PvLIL are located in transmembrane domains or nearby. PvLEA1 and PvLEA3 proteins are chimeras combining LEA-like parts and transmembrane domains, shared with PvLIL proteins. We have found that  PvLil  genes are highly upregulated during anhydrobiosis induction both in larvae of  P. vanderplanki  and  P. vanderplanki- derived cultured cell line, Pv11. Thus,  PvLil  are a new intriguing group of genes that are likely to be associated with anhydrobiosis due to their common origin with some LEA genes and their induction during anhydrobiosis.

New group of transmembrane proteins associated with desiccation tolerance in the anhydrobiotic midge Polypedilum vanderplanki