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Alterations to the gut microbiota can cause an amplification of the inflammatory response to intestinal pathogens. We assessed the effect of  Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron  and  Lactobacillus johnsonii  on the elimination of  Candida  species and whether restoration of these two anaerobic bacteria could attenuate the development of colitis in mice. In this study,  L. johnsonii  and  B. thetaiotaomicron  interacted directly with  Candida  species and induced a degradation of the fungal cell wall, mediated via chitinase-like and mannosidase-like activities, which promoted the inhibition of  Candida  species growth. In the DSS-induced colitis model, oral administration of  L. johnsonii  and  B. thetaiotaomicron  to mice reduced the overgrowth of  Escherichia coli ,  Enterococcus faecalis  and  Candida glabrata  populations and resulted in a significant reduction in inflammatory parameters.  L. johnsonii  and  B. thetaiotaomicron  decreased pro-inflammatory mediators and enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokine response with high TLR9 expression and chitinase-like protein-1 activation, which promoted the elimination of  C. glabrata  from the gut. Overall, these findings provide evidence that  L. johnsonii  and  B. thetaiotaomicron  decrease the development of colitis mediated by TLR9 and promote the elimination of  C. glabrata  from the gut via chitinase-like and mannosidase-like activities.

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Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Lactobacillus johnsonii modulate intestinal inflammation and eliminate fungi via enzymatic hydrolysis of the fungal cell wall