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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in plant development. However, the information of lncRNAs in  Jatropha curcas  remains largely unexplored. Thus, an attempt has been made in  J. curcas  to identify 1,850 lncRNAs based on deep sequencing of developing seeds at three typical stages. About ten percent lncRNAs (196 lncRNAs) were differentially expressed lncRNAs during seed developing process. Together with reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, the lncRNA expression analyses revealed the stage-specific expression patterns of some novel lncRNAs in  J. curcas . The target genes of lncRNAs were annotated for their roles in various biological processes such as gene expression, metabolism, and cell growth. Besides, 10 lncRNAs were identified as the precursors of microRNAs and 26 lncRNAs were predicted to be the targets of  Jatropha  miRNAs. A total of 31 key lncRNAs play critical roles in the seed developing process in the context of cell growth and development, lipid metabolism, and seed maturation. Our study provides the first systematic study of lncRNAs in the developing seeds of  J. curcas  and facilitates the functional research of plant lncRNAs and the regulation of seed development.

Identification and characterization of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in the developing seeds of Jatropha curcas