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The lungs and skin are important respiratory organs in  Anura , but the pulmonary structure of amphibians remains unclear due to the lack of a suitable procedure. This study improved the procedure used for fixing lungs tissues and used light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the differences in the lung and skin morphologies between  Pelophylax nigromaculatus  ( P. nigromaculatus ) and  Bufo gargarizans  ( B. gargarizans ). In  P. nigromaculatus  and  B. gargarizans , the cystic lungs comprise a continuous outer pulmonary wall on which primary, secondary, and tertiary septa attach, and a number of regular lattices form from raised capillaries and the pulmonary epithelium on the surfaces of the pulmonary wall and septa. Each lattice in  P. nigromaculatus  consists of several elliptical sheets and flat bottom, and the septa are distributed with denser sheets and have a larger stretching range than the pulmonary wall. The lattice in  B. gargarizans  consists of thick folds and an uneven bottom with several thin folds, and the septa have more developed thick and thin folds than the pulmonary wall. However, the density of the pulmonary microvilli, the area of a single capillary, the thicknesses of the blood-air barrier, pulmonary wall and septum, and the lung/body weight percentage obtained for  B. gargarizans  were higher than those found for  P. nigromaculatus . In  P. nigromaculatus , the dorsal skin has dense capillaries and a ring surface structure with mucus layer on the stratum corneum, and the ventral skin is slightly keratinized. In  B. gargarizans , the stratum corneum in both the dorsal and ventral skins is completely keratinized. A fine ultrastructure analysis of  P. nigromaculatus  and  B. gargarizans  revealed that the pulmonary septa are more developed than the pulmonary walls, which means that the septa have a stronger respiratory function. The more developed lungs are helpful for the adaptation of  B. gargarizans  to drought environments, whereas  P. nigromaculatus  has to rely on more vigorous skin respiration to adapt to a humid environment.

Comparative Morphology of the Lungs and Skin of two Anura, Pelophylax nigromaculatus and Bufo gargarizans