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Despite the relevance of complex root microbial communities for plant health, growth and productivity, the molecular basis of these plant-microbe interactions is not well understood.  Verrucomicrobia  are cosmopolitans in the rhizosphere, nevertheless their adaptations and functions are enigmatic since the proportion of cultured members is low. Here we report four cultivated  Verrucomicrobia  isolated from rice, putatively representing four novel species, and a novel subdivision. The aerobic strains were isolated from roots or rhizomes of  Oryza sativa  and  O. longistaminata . Two of them are the first cultivated endophytes of  Verrucomicrobia , as validated by confocal laser scanning microscopy inside rice roots after re-infection under sterile conditions. This extended known verrucomicrobial niche spaces. Two strains were promoting root growth of rice. Discovery of root compartment-specific  Verrucomicrobia  permitted an across-phylum comparison of the genomic conformance to life in soil, rhizoplane or inside roots. Genome-wide protein domain comparison with niche-specific reference bacteria from distant phyla revealed signature protein domains which differentiated lifestyles in these microhabitats. Our study enabled us to shed light into the dark microbial matter of root  Verrucomicrobia , to define genetic drivers for niche adaptation of bacteria to plant roots, and provides cultured strains for revealing causal relationships in plant-microbe interactions by reductionist approaches.

Novel cultivated endophytic Verrucomicrobia reveal deep-rooting traits of bacteria to associate with plants