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Endosulfan is a persistent pesticide that has been in use for more than five decades. During this time, it has contaminated soil, air, and water reservoirs worldwide. It is extremely toxic and harmful to beneficial non-target invertebrates, aquatic life, and even humans upon consumption, which is one of the many dangers of this pesticide since it biomagnifies in the food chain. The effects of three endosulfan concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µg/L) on the freshwater snail  Physella acuta , an invasive cosmopolitan species, were examined over a week-long exposure period. Alterations in the expression of ten genes related to stress and xenobiotic detoxification were measured against the endogenous controls  rpL10  and  GAPDH  by Real-Time polymerase chain reaction. Four genes are described here for the first time in this species, namely  Hsp60 ,  Grp78 ,  GSTk1 , and  GSTm1 . The rest of genes were  Hsp90 ,  sHsp16.6 ,  cyp2u1 ,  cyp3a7 ,  cyp4f22 , and  MRP1 .  cyp2u1 ,  sHsp16.6 , and  Grp78  expression were all altered by endosulfan. These results suggest a low pesticide concentration activates the acute response in  P. acuta  by affecting detoxification and stress responses and alter endoplasmic reticulum function and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the newly identified genes extend the number of processes and cellular locations that can be analyzed in this organism.

Endosulfan exposure alters transcription of genes involved in the detoxification and stress responses in Physella acuta