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Expansins are encoded by some phytopathogenic bacteria and evidence indicates that they act as virulence factors for host infection. Here we analysed the expression of  exl1  by  Pectobacterium brasiliense  and  Pectobacterium atrosepticum . In both,  exl1  gene appears to be under quorum sensing control, and protein Exl1 can be observed in culture medium and during plant infection. Expression of  exl1  correlates with pathogen virulence, where symptoms are reduced in a  Δexl1  mutant strain of  P. atrosepticum . As well as  Δexl1  exhibiting less maceration of potato plants, fewer bacteria are observed at distance from the inoculation site. However, bacteria infiltrated into the plant tissue are as virulent as the wild type, suggesting that this is due to alterations in the initial invasion of the tissue. Additionally, swarming from colonies grown on MacConkey soft agar was delayed in the mutant in comparison to the wild type. We found that Exl1 acts on the plant tissue, probably by remodelling of a cell wall component or altering the barrier properties of the cell wall inducing a plant defence response, which results in the production of ROS and the induction of marker genes of the JA, ET and SA signalling pathways in  Arabidopsis thaliana . Exl1 inactive mutants fail to trigger such responses. This defence response is protective against  Pectobacterium brasiliense  and  Botrytis cinerea  in more than one plant species.

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Expansin-like Exl1 from Pectobacterium is a virulence factor required for host infection, and induces a defence plant response involving ROS, and jasmonate, ethylene and salicylic acid signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana