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The Cenozoic retreat of the Paratethys Sea, as well as uplift of the Tibet plateau and global cooling, have been considered as the main mechanisms for the onset of the Asian monsoon. However, due to the weak constraints on the time and path of the Paratethys Sea, the relative contribution of each of the three factors to the onset of the Asian monsoon remains debatable. Previous studies on the retreat process of the Paratethys suggested that its east coastline had already withdrawn from the Chinese Tianshan area to the west by the Oligocene. Here, we provide a new perspective on this discussion through the study of the Oligocene Anjihaihe dolomite from the northern Chinese Tianshan. Through the comparisons of carbon, oxygen, magnesium, and strontium isotope compositions between the dolomite beds and their interlayered precursor lacustrine limestone beds, we show that the Anjihaihe dolomites were formed at the end of the Oligocene from dolomitization by a fluid characterized by high δ 18 O, low δ 26 Mg, low temperature, relatively poor in carbon and Sr. This fluid was likely derived from seawater from the close-by Paratethys Sea at the time. This discovery suggests a larger Paratethys Sea during the Oligocene than previously thought and may have important implications to understand the evolution of the palaeogeography in the Chinese Tianshan region and the onset of the Asian monsoon.

Oligocene incursion of the Paratethys seawater to the Junggar Basin, NW China: insight from multiple isotopic analysis of carbonate