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To increase intramuscular fat accumulation, Japanese Black beef cattle are commonly fed a high-grain diet from 10 to 30 months of age. Castrated and fistulated cattle ( n  = 9) were fed a high-concentrate diets during the early, middle, and late stages consecutively (10–14, 15–22, 23–30 months of age, respectively). Ruminal pH was measured continuously, and rumen epithelium and fluid samples were collected on each stage. The 24-h mean ruminal pH during the late stage was significantly lower than that during the early stage. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and lactic acid levels during the late stage were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than those during the early and middle stages.  In silico  analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that “Oxidative Phosphorylation” was the pathway inhibited most between the middle and early stages in tandem with an inhibited upstream regulator (PPARGC1A, also called PGC-1α) but the most activated pathway between the late and middle stages. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and thereby impaired cell viability due to acidic irritation under the higher VFA concentration restored stable mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cell viability by higher lactic acid levels used as cellular oxidative fuel under a different underlying mechanism in subacute ruminal acidosis.

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Long-term high-grain diet alters ruminal pH, fermentation, and epithelial transcriptomes, leading to restored mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in Japanese Black cattle