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Microbial inoculation in drought challenged rice triggered multipronged steps at enzymatic, non-enzymatic and gene expression level. These multifarious modulations in plants were related to stress tolerance mechanisms. Drought suppressed growth of rice plants but inoculation with  Trichoderma ,  Pseudomonas  and their combination minimized the impact of watering regime. Induced  PAL  gene expression and enzyme activity due to microbial inoculation led to increased accumulation of polyphenolics in plants. Enhanced antioxidant concentration of polyphenolics from microbe inoculated and drought challenged plants showed substantially high values of DPPH, ABTS, Fe-ion reducing power and Fe-ion chelation activity, which established the role of polyphenolic extract as free radical scavengers. Activation of superoxide dismutase that catalyzes superoxide (O 2  − ) and leads to the accumulation of H 2 O 2  was linked with the hypersensitive cell death response in leaves. Microbial inoculation in plants enhanced activity of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes. This has further contributed in reducing ROS burden in plants. Genes of key metabolic pathways including phenylpropanoid ( PAL ), superoxide dismutation ( SODs ), H 2 O 2  peroxidation ( APX ,  PO ) and oxidative defense response ( CAT ) were over-expressed due to microbial inoculation. Enhanced expression of  OSPiP  linked to less-water permeability, drought-adaptation gene  DHN  and dehydration related stress inducible  DREB  gene in rice inoculated with microbial inoculants after drought challenge was also reported. The impact of  Pseudomonas  on gene expression was consistently remained the most prominent. These findings suggested that microbial inoculation directly caused over-expression of genes linked with defense processes in plants challenged with drought stress. Enhanced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant reactions that helped in minimizing antioxidative load, were the repercussions of enhanced gene expression in microbe inoculated plants. These mechanisms contributed strongly towards stress mitigation. The study demonstrated that microbial inoculants were successful in improving intrinsic biochemical and molecular capabilities of rice plants under stress. Results encouraged us to advocate that the practice of growing plants with microbial inoculants may find strategic place in raising crops under abiotic stressed environments.

Microbial inoculation in rice regulates antioxidative reactions and defense related genes to mitigate drought stress