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Caenorhabditis elegans  presents functioning, biologically relevant phenotypes and is frequently used as a bioindicator of toxicity. However, most  C. elegans in vivo  effect-assessment methods are laborious and time consuming. Therefore, we developed a novel method to measure the oxygen consumption rate of  C. elegans  as a sublethal endpoint of toxicity. This protocol was tested by exposing 50 larval stage one  C. elegans  individuals for 48 h (at 20 °C) to different concentrations of two toxicants i.e. benzylcetyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC-C16) and cadmium (Cd). Following exposures, the oxygen consumption rate of the  C. elegans  individuals were measured using the high-throughput functionality of the Seahorse XF e 96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Dose-response curves for BAC-C16 (R 2  = 0.93;  P  = 0.001) and Cd (R 2  = 0.98;  P  = 0.001) were created. Furthermore, a strong, positive correlation was evidenced between  C. elegans  oxygen consumption rate and a commonly used, ecologically relevant endpoint of toxicity (growth inhibition) for BAC-C16 (R 2  = 0.93;  P  = 0.0001) and Cd (R 2  = 0.91;  P  = 0.0001). The data presented in this study show that  C. elegans  oxygen consumption rate can be used as a promising functional measurement of toxicity.

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Oxygen consumption rate of Caenorhabditis elegans as a high-throughput endpoint of toxicity testing using the Seahorse XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer