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Guanylate cyclases (GCs) are enzymes that catalyze the reaction to produce cyclic GMP (cGMP), a key signaling molecule in eukaryotes. Nevertheless, systemic identification and functional analysis of GCs in crop plant species have not yet been conducted. In this study, we systematically identified GC genes in the economically important crop tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum  L.) and analyzed function of two putative tomato GC genes in disease resistance. Ninety-nine candidate GCs containing GC catalytic center (GC-CC) motif were identified in tomato genome. Intriguingly, all of them were putative protein kinases embedding a GC-CC motif within the protein kinase domain, which was thus tentatively named as GC-kinases here. Two homologs of Arabidopsis PEPRs, SlGC17 and SlGC18 exhibited  in vitro  GC activity. Co-silencing of  SlGC17  and  SlGC18  genes significantly reduced resistance to tobacco rattle virus, fungus  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , and bacterium  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  tomato  ( Pst ) DC3000. Moreover, co-silencing of these two genes attenuated PAMP and DAMP-triggered immunity as shown by obvious decrease of flg22, chitin and AtPep1-elicited Ca 2+  and H 2 O 2  burst in  SlGC -silenced plants. Additionally, silencing of these genes altered the expression of a set of Ca 2+  signaling genes. Furthermore, co-silencing of these GC-kinase genes exhibited stronger effects on all above regulations in comparison with individual silencing. Collectively, our results suggest that GC-kinases might widely exist in tomato and the two  SlPEPR-GC  genes redundantly play a positive role in resistance to diverse pathogens and PAMP/DAMP-triggered immunity in tomato. Our results provide insights into composition and functions of GC-kinases in tomato.

Characterization of tomato protein kinases embedding guanylate cyclase catalytic center motif