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Gastrointestinal colonization has been considered as the primary source of candidaemia; however, few established mouse models are available that mimic this infection route. We therefore developed a reproducible mouse model of invasive candidiasis initiated by fungal translocation and compared the virulence of six major pathogenic  Candida  species. The mice were fed a low-protein diet and then inoculated intragastrically with  Candida  cells. Oral antibiotics and cyclophosphamide were then administered to facilitate colonization and subsequent dissemination of  Candida  cells. Mice infected with  Candida albicans  and  Candida tropicalis  exhibited higher mortality than mice infected with the other four species. Among the less virulent species, stool titres of  Candida glabrata  and  Candida parapsilosis  were higher than those of  Candida krusei  and  Candida guilliermondii . The fungal burdens of  C. parapsilosis  and  C. krusei  in the livers and kidneys were significantly greater than those of  C. guilliermondii . Histopathologically,  C. albicans  demonstrated the highest pathogenicity to invade into gut mucosa and liver tissues causing marked necrosis. Overall, this model allowed analysis of the virulence traits of  Candida  strains in individual mice including colonization in the gut, penetration into intestinal mucosa, invasion into blood vessels, and the subsequent dissemination leading to lethal infections.

Virulence assessment of six major pathogenic Candida species in the mouse model of invasive candidiasis caused by fungal translocation