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Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases and  Leishmania  ( Leishmania )  infantum  and  Leishmania  ( Viannia )  braziliensis  are the most important causative agents of leishmaniases in the New World. These two parasite species may co-circulate in a given endemic area but their interactions in the vector have not been studied yet. We conducted experimental infections using both single infections and co-infections to compare the development of  L . ( L .)  infantum  (OGVL/mCherry) and  L . ( V .)  braziliensis  (XB29/GFP) in  Lutzomyia longipalpis  and  Lutzomyia migonei . Parasite labelling by different fluorescein proteins enabled studying interspecific competition and localization of different parasite species during co-infections. Both  Leishmania  species completed their life cycle, producing infective forms in both sand fly species studied. The same happens in the co infections, demonstrating that the two parasites conclude their development and do not compete with each other. However, infections produced by  L . ( L .)  infantum  reached higher rates and grew more vigorously, as compared to  L . ( V .)  braziliensis . In late-stage infections,  L . ( L .)  infantum  was present in all midgut regions, showing typical suprapylarian type of development, whereas  L . ( V .)  braziliensis  was concentrated in the hindgut and the abdominal midgut (peripylarian development). We concluded that both  Lu. migonei  and  Lu. longipalpis  are equally susceptible vectors for  L . ( L .)  infantum , in laboratory colonies. In relation to  L . ( V .)  braziliensis ,  Lu. migonei  appears to be more susceptible to this parasite than  Lu. longipalpis .

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Experimental infections and co-infections with Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum in two sand fly species, Lutzomyia migonei and Lutzomyia longipalpis