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SMYD3 (SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3) is involved in histone modification, which initiates oncogenesis by activating transcription of multiple downstream genes. To investigate associations of variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) variants in the  SMYD3  gene promoter, SMYD3 serum levels and  SMYD3  mRNA expression in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and clinical progression of related liver disease.  SMYD3  VNTRs were genotyped in 756 HBV patients and 297 healthy controls. SMYD3 serum levels were measured in 293 patients and  SMYD3  mRNA expression was quantified in 48 pairs of hepatocellular tumor and adjacent non-tumor liver tissues. Genotype  SYMD3  VNTR 3/3 was more frequent among HCC patients than in controls ( P  adjusted  = 0.037). SMYD3 serum levels increased according to clinical progression of liver diseases ( P  = 0.01); HCC patients had higher levels than non-HCC patients ( P  = 0.04). Among patients with  SMYD3  VNTR 3/3, HCC patients had higher SMYD3 levels than others ( P  < 0.05).  SMYD3  mRNA expression was up-regulated in HCC tumor tissues compared to other tissues ( P  = 0.008). In conclusion, upregulation of  SMYD3  correlates with the occurrence of HCC and  SMYD3  VNTR 3/3 appears to increase the risk of HCC through increasing SMYD3 levels. SMYD3 may be an indicator for HCC development in HBV patients.

Upregulation of SMYD3 and SMYD3 VNTR 3/3 polymorphism increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma