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The study of intracellular gene transfer may allow for the detection of interesting evolutionary processes such as ancient polyploidization. We compared 24 plastid genomes (plastomes) from tribe Delphinieae, one from tribe Nigelleae and one from tribe Ranunculeae, including five newly sequenced genomes. The functional transfers of the plastids  rpl32  and  rps16  to the nucleus in tribe Delphinieae were identified. Unexpectedly, we discovered multiple divergent copies of the nuclear-encoded plastid  rpl32  in the genus  Aconitum . Phylogenetic and synonymous substitution rate analyses revealed that the nuclear-encoded plastid  rpl32  underwent two major duplication events. These ancient gene duplication events probably occurred via multiple polyploidization events in  Aconitum  between 11.9 and 24.7 Mya. Furthermore, our sequence rate analysis indicated that the eight plastid-encoded  rpl  subunits in  Aconitum  had a significantly accelerated evolutionary rate compared to those in other genera, suggesting that highly divergent paralogs targeted to the plastid may contribute to an elevated rate of evolution in plastid  rpl  genes. In addition, heteroplasmy of the plastid  matK  from two  Aconitum  species suggested the existence of potentially functional plastid maturases in its plastome. Our results provide insight into the evolutionary history of the tribe Delphinieae.

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Recurrent gene duplication in the angiosperm tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) inferred from intracellular gene transfer events and heteroplasmic mutations in the plastid matK gene