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The functional information on heat-shock proteins (Hsp) and heat-shock promoters from an important agricultural insect pest,  Spodoptera frugiperda , is still lacking. We conducted a genome-wide identification of  Hsp  genes and identified a total of 21 genes belonging to four major insect Hsp families (small heat-shock proteins, Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90) in  S. frugiperda . Expression of most of  S. frugiperda  ( SfHsp ) genes could be detected in Sf9 cells, embryos and larval tissues of  S. frugiperda . The heat-inducible activity of heat-shock promoters from several  SfHsp  genes was tested in Sf9 cells and embryos. The promoter of  SfHsp70D  showed the high constitutive activity in cell line and embryos, while the activity of  SfHsp20.15  and  SfHsp20.71  promoters was most dramatically induced in Sf9 cells and embryos. In embryos, the heat-induced activity of  SfHsp20.71  and  SfHsp70D  promoters outperformed commercially used  ie1  and  ie2  promoters. The heat-induced activity of  SfHsp70D  and  SfHsp19.07  promoters were more robust than  ie2  promoter in Sf9 cells. These  SfHsp  promoters with high basal activity or with heat-induced activity from low basal activity, could be used in  S. frugiperda  or other lepidopteran insects for many applications including transgenesis and genome editing.

Identification and functional analysis of promoters of heat-shock genes from the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda