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Despite the rise of new  Candida  species,  Candida albicans  tops the list with high morbidity and mortality rates. To tackle this problem there is a need to explore new antifungals that could replace or augment the current treatment options. We previously reported that tosylation of eugenol on hydroxyl group resulted in molecules with enhanced antifungal potency. In line with that work, we synthesized new eugenol tosylate congeners (ETC-1–ETC-7) with different substituents on pendent sulfonyl group and tested their susceptibility against different fluconazole susceptible and resistant  C .  albicans  strains. We evaluated physiology and mode of cell death in response to the most active derivatives by analyzing major apoptotic markers in yeast such as phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial depolarization and decrease in cytochrome c oxidase activity. The results demonstrated that all  C .  albicans  strains were variably susceptible to the test compounds with MIC ranging from 0.125–512 µg/ml, and the most active compounds (ETC-5, ETC-6 and ETC-7) actuate apoptosis and necrosis in  Candida  cells in a dose-dependent manner via metacaspase-dependent pathway. Furthermore haemolytic assay showed low cytotoxicity effect of these ETCs. Overall the results indicated that ETCs exhibit potential antifungal activity against  C .  albicans  by activating apoptotic and necrotic pathways.

Cellular apoptosis and necrosis as therapeutic targets for novel Eugenol Tosylate Congeners against Candida albicans