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Carotenogenesis has been intensively studied in carrot roots, and transcriptional regulation is thought to be the major factor in carotenoid accumulation in these organs. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes concerning carotenoid accumulation during infestation by the obligate parasite  Phelipanche aegyptiaca . HPLC analysis revealed a decrease in carotenoid levels of the different carrot cultivars when parasitized by  P .  aegyptiaca . Besides, we isolated and analyzed  P .  aegyptiaca  tubercles parasitizing the various carrot root cultivars and show that they accumulate different carotenoids compared to those in non-infested carrot roots. Expression analysis of  PHYTOENE SYNTHASE  ( PSY1)  and  CAROTENOID ISOMERASE  ( CRTISO ) as well as the strigolactone apocarotenoid biosynthetic genes  DWARF27  ( D27 ),  CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE  7 ( CCD7 ) and  CCD8  revealed that their transcript levels showed significant variation in  P .  aegyptiaca  infested carrot roots. After parasite infestation, the expression of these genes was strongly reduced, as were the carotenoid levels and this was more pronounced in the uncommon non-orange varieties. We also analyzed the parasite genes encoding D27, CCD7 and CCD8 and show that they are expressed in tubercles. This raises important questions of whether the parasite produces its carotenoids and apocarotenoids including strigolactones and whether the latter might have a role in tubercle development.

scientific reports

Broomrape infestation in carrot (Daucus carota): Changes in carotenoid gene expression and carotenoid accumulation in the parasitic weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca and its host