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Vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) is a strongly correlated electronic material with a metal-insulator transition (MIT) near room temperature. Ion-doping to VO 2  dramatically alters its transport properties and the MIT temperature. Recently, insulating hydrogenated VO 2  (HVO 2 ) accompanied by a crystal structure transformation from VO 2  was experimentally observed. Despite the important steps taken towards realizing novel applications, essential physics such as the diffusion constant of intercalated protons and the crystal transformation energy between VO 2  and HVO 2  are still lacking. In this work, we investigated the physical parameters of proton diffusion constants accompanied by VO 2  to HVO 2  crystal transformation with temperature variation and their transformation energies. It was found that protons could propagate several micrometers with a crystal transformation between VO 2  and HVO 2 . The proton diffusion speed from HVO 2  to VO 2  was approximately two orders higher than that from VO 2  to HVO 2.  The long-range propagation of protons leads to the possibility of realizing novel iontronic applications and energy devices.

Long-range propagation of protons in single-crystal VO2 involving structural transformation to HVO2