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Zoophytophagous insect predators can induce physiological responses in plants by activating defence signalling pathways, but whether plants can respond to facultative phytophagy by recruiting natural enemies remains to be investigated. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, using a system including a  Vicia faba  plant, the zoophytophagous predator  Podisus maculiventris  and the egg parasitoid  Telenomus podisi , we first demonstrated that  T. podisi  females are attracted by broad bean plants damaged by feeding activity of  P. maculiventris  and on which host egg masses had been laid, while they are not attracted by undamaged plants or plants damaged by feeding activity alone. In a second experiment, we evaluated the impact of the invasive phytophagous pest  Halyomorpha halys  on this plant volatile-mediated tritrophic communication. Results showed that the invasive herbivorous adults do not induce plants to recruit the native egg parasitoid, but they can disrupt the local infochemical network. In fact,  T. podisi  females are not attracted by volatiles emitted by plants damaged by  H. halys  feeding alone or combined with oviposition activity, nor are they attracted by plants concurrently infested by  P. maculiventris  and  H. halys , indicating the specificity in the parasitoid response and the ability of the invasive herbivore in interrupting the semiochemical communication between plants and native egg parasitoids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that zoophytophagous predator attacks induce indirect plant defences similarly to those defence strategies adopted by plants as a consequence of single or concurrent infestations of herbivorous insects.

Egg parasitoid exploitation of plant volatiles induced by single or concurrent attack of a zoophytophagous predator and an invasive phytophagous pest