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Natural-product derived lectins can function as potent viral inhibitors with minimal toxicity as shown  in vitro  and in small animal models. We here assessed the effect of rectal application of an anti-HIV lectin-based microbicide Q-Griffithsin (Q-GRFT) in rectal tissue samples from rhesus macaques. E-cadherin +  cells, CD4 +  cells and total mucosal cells were assessed using  in situ  staining combined with a novel customized digital image analysis platform. Variations in cell numbers between baseline, placebo and Q-GRFT treated samples were analyzed using random intercept linear mixed effect models. The frequencies of rectal E-cadherin +  cells remained stable despite multiple tissue samplings and Q-GRFT gel (0.1%, 0.3% and 1%, respectively) treatment. Whereas single dose application of Q-GRFT did not affect the frequencies of rectal CD4 +  cells, multi-dose Q-GRFT caused a small, but significant increase of the frequencies of intra-epithelial CD4 +  cells (placebo: median 4%; 1% Q-GRFT: median 7%) and of the CD4 +  lamina propria cells (placebo: median 30%; 0.1–1% Q-GRFT: median 36–39%). The resting time between sampling points were further associated with minor changes in the total and CD4 +  rectal mucosal cell levels. The results add to general knowledge of  in vivo  evaluation of anti-HIV microbicide application concerning cellular effects in rectal mucosa.

Impact of Q-Griffithsin anti-HIV microbicide gel in non-human primates: In situ analyses of epithelial and immune cell markers in rectal mucosa