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Clematis crassifolia  and  Clematis cadmia  Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f. & Thomson are herbaceous vine plants native to China.  C. crassifolia  is distributed in shaded areas, while  C. cadmia  mostly grows in bright, sunny conditions in mountainous and hilly landscapes. To understand the potential mechanisms involved in the irradiance responses of  C. crassifolia  and  C. cadmia , we conducted a pot experiment under three irradiance treatments with natural irradiation and two different levels of shading. Various growth, photosynthetic, oxidative and antioxidative parameters and the relative expression of irradiance-related genes were examined. In total, 15 unigenes were selected for the analysis of gene expression. The exposure of  C. crassifolia  to high irradiance resulted in growth inhibition coupled with increased levels of chlorophyll, increased catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity and increased expression of c144262_g2, c138393_g1 and c131300_g2. In contrast, under high irradiance conditions,  C. cadmia  showed an increase in growth and soluble protein content accompanied by a decrease in the expression of c144262_g2, c133872_g1, and c142530_g1, suggesting their role in the acclimation of  C. cadmia  to a high-irradiance environment. The 15 unigenes were differentially expressed in  C. crassifolia  and  C. cadmia  under different irradiance conditions. Thus, our study revealed that there are essential differences in the irradiance adaptations of  C. crassifolia  and  C. cadmia  due to the differential physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying their irradiance responses, which result from their long-term evolution in contrasting habitats.

Contrasting growth, physiological and gene expression responses of Clematis crassifolia and Clematis cadmia to different irradiance conditions