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Lexical–semantic retrieval emerges through the interactions of distributed prefrontal and perisylvian brain networks. Growing evidence suggests that synchronous theta band neural oscillations might play a role in this process, yet, their functional significance remains elusive. Here, we used transcranial alternating current stimulation to induce exogenous theta oscillations at 6 Hz (θ-tACS) over left prefrontal and posterior perisylvian cortex with a 180° ( anti-phase ) and 0° ( in-phase ) relative phase difference while participants performed automatic and controlled retrieval tasks. We demonstrate that θ-tACS significantly modulated the retrieval performance and its effects were both task- and phase-specific: the  in-phase  tACS impaired controlled retrieval, whereas the  anti-phase  tACS improved controlled but impaired automatic retrieval. These findings indicate that theta band oscillatory brain activity supports binding of semantically related representations via a phase-dependent modulation of semantic activation or maintenance.

Neural theta oscillations support semantic memory retrieval