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Spontaneous yawning is a widespread behaviour in vertebrates. However, data on marine mammals are scarce. In this study, we tested some hypotheses on the functions of yawning in a captive group of South American sea lions ( Otaria flavescens ). According to the  Dimorphism Hypothesis , species showing low levels of sexual dimorphism in canine size do not show sex differences in yawning distribution; this was supported by our findings, since yawning did not differ between the sexes. Yawning was more frequently performed during resting/sleeping contexts, thus supporting the  Drowsiness Hypothesis . Yawning and self-scratching are considered reliable indicators of short-term anxiety in sea lions, since they immediately increased after conflicts both in aggressors and victims ( Social Distress Hypothesis  supported). In the long-term, yawning was not correlated with individuals’ dominance status, thus showing that anxiety is similarly experienced by dominants and subordinates. The last two findings can be explained by the social competition of this species, that involves individuals independently from their sex, age or ranking status. Therefore, the exposure to frequent stressful events can induce similar levels of anxiety in all the subjects ( Resource Inequity Hypothesis  supported). In conclusion, spontaneous yawning in sea lions seems to share similar functions with other social mammals, suggesting that this behaviour is a possible plesiomorphic trait.

Spontaneous Yawning and its Potential Functions in South American Sea Lions (Otaria flavescens)