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Dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa (DARPP-32) also known as phosphoprotein phosphatase-1 regulatory subunit 1B and encoded by the PPP1R1B gene is an inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 and protein kinase A. DARPP-32 is expressed in a wide range of epithelial cells and some solid tumours; however, its role in breast cancer is only partially defined. DARPP-32 expression was determined using immunohistochemistry in two independent cohorts of early stage invasive breast cancer patients (discovery n = 1352; validation n = 1655), and 112 HER2 positive breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab and adjuvant chemotherapy.  PPP1R1B  mRNA expression was assessed in the METABRIC cohort (n = 1980), using artificial neural network analysis to identify associated genes. In the discovery cohort, low nuclear expression of DARPP-32 was significantly associated with shorter survival ( P  = 0.041), which was independent of other prognostic variables ( P  = 0.019). In the validation cohort, low cytoplasmic and nuclear expression was significantly associated with shorter survival (both  P  = 0.002), with cytoplasmic expression independent of other prognostic variables ( P  = 0.023). Stronger associations with survival in oestrogen receptor (ER) positive disease were observed. In patients treated with trastuzumab, low nuclear expression was significantly associated with adverse progression-free survival ( P  = 0.031). In the METABRIC cohort, low  PPP1R1B  expression was associated with shortened survival of ER positive patients. Expression of  CDC42  and  GRB7 , amongst others, were associated with  PPP1R1B  expression. This data suggests a role for DARPP-32 as a prognostic marker with clinical utility in breast cancer.

Dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and survival in breast cancer: a retrospective analysis of protein and mRNA expression