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Peptidase inhibitors (PIs) are defense proteins of plants which are active against gut peptidases of different insects.  Sapindus mukorossi  was identified as a source of bioactive PIs which could confer resistance against  Bactrocera cucurbitae , a most devastating pest of several economically important crops. In the present study, a trypsin inhibitor was purified from mature dry seeds of  S. mukorossi  and characterized for its biochemical properties as well as its potential for bio control of  B. cucurbitae . The purified fractions from RP- HPLC through SDS-PAGE gave an apparent molecular weight of ~29 kDa.  S. mukorossi  trypsin inhibitor (SMTI) was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor which was active over a broad range of temperature (10–100 °C) and pH (6–11). SMTI when incorporated in artificial diet inhibited the growth and development of  B. cucurbitae  larvae. Gene expression analysis of trypsin and chymotrypsin genes via qRT-PCR indicated that their mRNA expression was down-regulated while that of other genes namely, Catalase, Elastase, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione –S-transferase and Alkaline Phosphatase was up regulated. SMTI also showed deleterious effects against different bacterial strains. The results of this study indicated that  S. mukorossi  trypsin inhibitor has potential to be used as a bio control agent that can reduce the harm caused by melon fruit fly and other devastating pests.

Exploration of anti-insect potential of trypsin inhibitor purified from seeds of Sapindus mukorossi against Bactrocera cucurbitae