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Theileria annulata  is a haemoprotozoan parasite that causes a cancer-like illness known as tropical theileriosis in cattle. In the course of analyzing the genetic diversity of  T .  annulata  in Sri Lanka, we observed that merozoite-piroplasm surface antigen ( tams1 ) and surface protein ( tasp )-like gene sequences obtained from bovine blood DNA samples, which were PCR-positive for  T .  annulata , were conserved but shared low identity with  T .  annulata  GenBank sequences. Moreover, the 18S rRNA sequences from the Sri Lankan samples contained ten unique single-nucleotide polymorphisms compared with all known  T .  annulata  sequences. The cytochrome b ( cob ) gene sequences isolated from the Sri Lankan samples were highly conserved and shared low identity scores with similarly conserved  T .  annulata  sequences from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Sri Lankan  tams1 -like,  tasp -like, 18S rRNA, and  cob  sequences clustered together and formed sister clades to the common ancestors of all known  T .  annulata  and  Theileria lestoquardi  sequences. These findings demonstrated that the Sri Lankan cattle were not infected with  T .  annulata  but with a new  Theileria  sp. (designated as  Theileria  sp. Yokoyama) closely related to  T .  annulata .

Discovery of a new Theileria sp. closely related to Theileria annulata in cattle from Sri Lanka