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It is a well held concept that the magnitude of red-tide occurrence is dependent on the amount of nutrient supply if the conditions are same for temperature, salinity, light, interspecific competition, etc. However, nutrient sources fueling dinoflagellate red-tides are difficult to identify since red tides usually occur under very low inorganic-nutrient conditions. In this study, we used short-lived Ra isotopes ( 223 Ra and  224 Ra) to trace the nutrient sources fueling initiation and spread of  Cochlodinium polykrikoides  blooms along the coast of Korea during the summers of 2014, 2016, and 2017. Horizontal and vertical distributions of nutrient concentrations correlated well with  224 Ra activities in nutrient-source waters. The offshore red-tide areas showed high  224 Ra activities and low-inorganic and high-organic nutrient concentrations, which are favorable for blooming  C. polykrikoides  in competition with diatoms. Based on Ra isotopes, the nutrients fueling red-tide initiation (southern coast of Korea) are found to be transported horizontally from inner-shore waters. However, the nutrients in the spread region (eastern coast of Korea), approximately 200 km from the initiation region, are supplied continuously from the subsurface layer by vertical mixing or upwelling. Our study highlights that short-lived Ra isotopes are excellent tracers of nutrients fueling harmful algal blooms in coastal waters.

Tracing the sources of nutrients fueling dinoflagellate red tides occurring along the coast of Korea using radium isotopes