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Microsporidia  Nosema  are transferred among bees via the faecal-oral route.  Nosema  spp. spores have been detected on flowers and transferred to hives along with the bee pollen. The aim of the present study was to determine whether  Nosema  microsporidia are transferred by air in an apiary, in a control area (without the presence of bee colonies), and/or in a laboratory during cage experiments with artificially infected bees. The novel way of transmission by air was investigated by the volumetric method using a Hirst-type aerobiological sampler located on the ground in the apiary, in the Botanical Garden and on the laboratory floor. Concurrently, the mean rate of  Nosema  infections in the foragers in the apiary was estimated with the Bürker haemocytometer method. Spore-trapping tapes were imaged by means of light microscopy, Nomarski interference contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The highest concentration of  Nosema  spores per 1m 3  of air (4.65) was recorded in August, while the lowest concentration (2.89) was noted in July. This was confirmed by a Real-Time PCR analysis. The presence of  N. apis  as well as  N. ceranae  was detected in each of the tested tapes from the apiary. The average copy number of  N. apis  was estimated at 14.4 × 10 4  copies per 1 cm 2  of the tape; whereas the number of  N. ceranae  was 2.24 × 10 4  copies per tape per 1 cm 2 . The results indicate that  Nosema  microsporidia were transferred by the wind in the apiary, but not in the Botanical Garden and laboratory by air. This was confirmed by genetic analyses. DNA from immobilised biological material was isolated and subjected to a PCR to detect the  Nosema  species. A fragment of the 16S rRNA gene, characteristic of  Nosema apis  and  N. ceranae , was detected. Our research adds knowledge about the transfer of  Nosema  spp. microsporidia in the natural environment and indicates the season associated with the greatest risk of a bee colony infection with  Nosema  spp.

Microsporidia Nosema spp. – obligate bee parasites are transmitted by air