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Sites of persistence of bacterial pathogens contribute to disease dynamics of bacterial diseases. Footrot is a globally important bacterial disease that reduces health and productivity of sheep. It is caused by  Dichelobacter nodosus , a pathogen apparently highly specialised for feet, while  Fusobacterium necrophorum , a secondary pathogen in footrot is reportedly ubiquitous on pasture. Two prospective longitudinal studies were conducted to investigate the persistence of  D. nodosus  and  F. necrophorum  in sheep feet, mouths and faeces, and in soil. Molecular tools were used to detect species, strains and communities. In contrast to the existing paradigm,  F. necrophorum  persisted on footrot diseased feet, and in mouths and faeces; different strains were detected in feet and mouths.  D. nodosus  persisted in soil and on diseased, but not healthy, feet; similar strains were detected on both healthy and diseased feet of diseased sheep. We conclude that  D. nodosus  and  F. necrophorum  depend on sheep for persistence but use different strategies to persist and spread between sheep within and between flocks. Elimination of  F. necrophorum  would be challenging due to faecal shedding. In contrast  D. nodosus  could be eliminated if all footrot-affected sheep were removed and fade out of  D. nodosus  occurred in the environment before re-infection of a foot.

Sites of persistence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus: a paradigm shift in understanding the epidemiology of footrot in sheep