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Three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Gauteng province in South Africa were investigated to determine the diversity, co-occurrence and implications of their fungal communities using illumina sequencing platform and network analysis. Phylogenetic taxonomy revealed that members of the fungal communities were assigned to 6 phyla and 361 genera.  Basidiomycota  and  Ascomycota  were the most abundant phyla, dominated by the genera  Naumovozyma, Pseudotomentella, Derxomyces, Ophiocordyceps, Pulchromyces  and  Paecilomyces . Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of fungal OTUs related to class lineages such as  Agaricomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes  indicating new fungal diversity in WWTPs. Dominant and rare fungal genera that can potentially be used in bioremediation such as  Trichoderma, Acremonium, Talaromyces, Paecilomyces, cladophialophora  and  Saccharomyces  were detected. Conversely, genera whose members are known to be pathogenic to human and plant such as  Olpidium ,  Paecilomyces, Aspergillus, Rhodotorula, Penicillium, Candida, Synchytrium, Phyllosticta  and  Mucor  were also detected in all WWTPs. Phylotype analysis confirmed that some fungal phylotypes were highly similar to the reported fungal pathogens of concern. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the fungal genera such as  Minimedusa, Glomus, Circinella, Coltricia, Caloplaca, Phylosticta, Peziza, Candida , and  Hydnobolites  were the major networking hub in the WWTPs. The overall results in this study highlighted that WWTPs represent a potential source of beneficial fungi for bioremediation of pollutants in the ecosystem and the need to consider human and plant fungal pathogens during safety evaluation of treated wastewater for reuse.

Diversity, Co-occurrence and Implications of Fungal Communities in Wastewater Treatment Plants