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Sludge bulking is a major problem that restricts the development of the activated sludge process. The microbial community responsible for sludge bulking varies depending on water quality and operational conditions. This study analysed the microbial community of bulking sludge in oxidation ditch with ultra-low sludge loading and long sludge retention time using high-throughput sequencing. The study found that the relative abundance of bacterial genus  Saprospiraceae_norank  was the highest in bulking sludge, reaching 13.39–28.83%, followed by  Comamonadaceae_unclassified, Ardenticatenia_norank  and  Tetrasphaera , with the relative abundance of 4.59–11.08%, 0.52–16.60% and 0.17–8.92% respectively. In contrast, the relative abundance of bacteria that easily caused sludge bulking including  Microthrix  (0.54–2.47%),  Trichococcus  (0.32–1.71%),  Gordonia  (0.14–1.28%), and  Thiothrix  (0.01–0.06%) were relatively low.  Saprospiraceae_norank  was predominant and induced sludge bulking in oxidation ditch. The relative abundance of fungal genus  Trichosporon  was the highest in bulking sludge, reaching 16.95–24.98%, while other fungal genera were  Saccharomycetales_unclassified  (5.59–14.55%),  Ascomycota_norank  (1.45–13.51%),  Galactomyces  (5.23–11.23%), and  Debaryomyces  (7.69–9.42%), whereas  Trichosporon  was the dominant fungal genus in bulking sludge. This study reported that excessive  Saprospiraceae_norank  can induce sludge bulking for the first time, which provides important knowledge to control sludge bulking.

The microbial community in filamentous bulking sludge with the ultra-low sludge loading and long sludge retention time in oxidation ditch