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In lowland areas of Malaysia,  Plasmodium knowlesi  infection is associated with land use change and high proportions of the vector  Anopheles balabacensis . We conducted a 15-month study in two Malaysian villages to determine the effect of habitat on vector populations in understudied high-altitude, high-incidence districts.  Anopheles  mosquitoes were sampled in human settlements, plantations and forest edges, and screened for  Plasmodium  species by PCR. We report the first  An. donaldi  positive for  P. knowlesi . This potential vector was associated with habitat fragmentation measured as disturbed forest edge:area ratio, while  An. balabacensis  was not, indicating fragmented land use could favour  An. donaldi . Anopheline species richness and diversity decreased from forest edge, to plantation, to human settlement. Greater numbers of  An. balabacensis  and  An. donaldi  were found in forest edges compared to human settlements, suggesting exposure to vectors and associated zoonoses may be greater for people entering this habitat.

Vector compositions change across forested to deforested ecotones in emerging areas of zoonotic malaria transmission in Malaysia