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Complexes of closely related species provide key insights into the rapid and independent evolution of adaptive traits. Here, we described and studied  Anopheles fontenillei  sp.n., a new species in the  Anopheles gambiae  complex that we recently discovered in the forested areas of Gabon, Central Africa. Our analysis placed the new taxon in the phylogenetic tree of the  An .  gambiae  complex, revealing important introgression events with other members of the complex. Particularly, we detected recent introgression, with  Anopheles gambiae  and  Anopheles coluzzii , of genes directly involved in vectorial capacity. Moreover, genome analysis of the new species allowed us to clarify the evolutionary history of the 3La inversion. Overall,  An .  fontenillei  sp.n. analysis improved our understanding of the relationship between species within the  An .  gambiae  complex, and provided insight into the evolution of vectorial capacity traits that are relevant for the successful control of malaria in Africa.

A new species in the major malaria vector complex sheds light on reticulated species evolution