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Bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea  L. Verdc.) is an indigenous, drought-tolerant, underutilized African food legume, with the ability to fix atmospheric N 2  in symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia. The aim of this study was to assess the morpho-physiological, symbiotic and phylogenetic characteristics of rhizobia nodulating Bambara groundnut in Ghana, Mali and South Africa. The morpho-physiologically diverse isolates tested were also found to exhibit differences in functional efficiency and phylogenetic positions. Based on Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR banding patterns, the isolates were grouped into eight major clusters. The concentrations of Ca, Na and K in soils had a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect on the distribution of rhizobia. Though many isolates were symbiotically very effective, the effectiveness index varied markedly (p ≤ 0.05) among them. Moreover, the isolates also exhibited tolerance to a wide range of NaCl (0.5–7%), streptomycin (50–500 µg.ml −1 ), and kanamycin (25–150 µg.ml −1 ) concentrations. Additionally, these isolates could produce 0.02 to 69.71 µg.ml −1  of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in tryptophan-supplemented medium, as well as solubilize tri-calcium phosphate. Phylogenetic analysis of these rhizobial isolates using 16S rRNA,  atpD ,  glnII ,  gyrB ,  recA  and symbiotic ( nifH  and  nodC ) gene sequences revealed distinct and novel evolutionary lineages related to the genus  Bradyrhizobium , with some of them being very close to  Bradyrhizobium vignae ,  B .  kavangense ,  B .  subterraneum ,  B .  elkanii  and  B .  pachyrhizi .

scientific reports

Symbiotic effectiveness and ecologically adaptive traits of native rhizobial symbionts of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) in Africa and their relationship with phylogeny