English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling has emerged as a drug target in cerebral ischemia. Among S1P receptors, S1P 2  was recently identified to mediate ischemic brain injury. But, pathogenic mechanisms are not fully identified, particularly in view of microglial activation, a core pathogenesis in cerebral ischemia. Here, we addressed whether microglial activation is the pathogenesis of S1P 2 -mediated brain injury in mice challenged with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). To suppress S1P 2  activity, its specific antagonist, JTE013 was given orally to mice immediately after reperfusion. JTE013 administration reduced the number of activated microglia and reversed their morphology from amoeboid to ramified microglia in post-ischemic brain after tMCAO challenge, along with attenuated microglial proliferation. Moreover, JTE013 administration attenuated M1 polarization in post-ischemic brain. This S1P 2 -directed M1 polarization appeared to occur in activated microglia, which was evidenced upon JTE013 exposure  in vivo  as suppressed M1-relevant NF-κB activation in activated microglia of post-ischemic brain. Moreover, JTE013 exposure or S1P 2  knockdown reduced expression levels of M1 markers  in vitro  in lipopolysaccharide-driven M1 microglia. Additionally, suppressing S1P 2  activity attenuated activation of M1-relevant ERK1/2 and JNK in post-ischemic brain or lipopolysaccharide-driven M1 microglia. Overall, our study demonstrated that S1P 2  regulated microglial activation and M1 polarization in post-ischemic brain.

S1P2 contributes to microglial activation and M1 polarization following cerebral ischemia through ERK1/2 and JNK