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The ectoparasitic mite,  Varroa destructor , is the most severe biotic threat to honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) globally, usually causing colony death within a few years without treatments. While it is known that a few  A. mellifera  populations survive mite infestations by means of natural selection, the possible role of mite adaptations remains unclear. To investigate potential changes in mite populations in response to host adaptations, the genetic structure of  V. destructor  in the mite-resistant  A. mellifera  population on Gotland, Sweden, was studied. Spatio-temporal genetic changes were assessed by comparing mites collected in these colonies, as well as from neighboring mite-susceptible colonies, in historic (2009) and current (2017/2018) samples. The results show significant changes in the genetic structure of the mite populations during the time frame of this study. These changes were more pronounced in the  V. destructor  population infesting the mite-resistant honeybee colonies than in the mite-susceptible colonies. These results suggest that  V. destructor  populations are reciprocating, in a coevolutionary arms race, to the selection pressure induced by their honeybee host. Our data reveal exciting new insights into host-parasite interactions between  A. mellifera  and its major parasite.

Population genetics of ectoparasitic mites suggest arms race with honeybee hosts