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The human parasites  Schistosoma mansoni  and  Leishmania major  are co-endemic and a major threat to human health. Though displaying different tissue tropisms, they excrete/secrete similar subsets of intracellular proteins that, interacting with the host extracellular matrix (ECM), help the parasites invading the host. We selected one of the most abundant proteins found in the secretomes of both parasites, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and performed a comparative screening with surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi), looking for ECM binding partners. Both PDIs bind heparan sulfate; none of them binds collagens; each of them binds further ECM components, possibly linked to the different tropisms. We investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering both PDIs structures and those of a few complexes with host partners, in order to better understand the differences within this conserved family fold. Furthermore, we highlighted a previously undisclosed moonlighting behaviour of both PDIs, namely a concentration-dependent switch of function from thiol-oxidoreductase to holdase. Finally, we have tried to exploit the differences to look for possible compounds able to interfere with the redox activity of both PDI.

A comparative analysis of secreted protein disulfide isomerases from the tropical co-endemic parasites Schistosoma mansoni and Leishmania major