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Manganese oxide (MnO 2 ) is one of the most promising intercalation cathode materials for zinc ion batteries (ZIBs). Specifically, a layered type delta manganese dioxide (δ-MnO 2 ) allows reversible insertion/extraction of Zn 2+  ions and exhibits high storage capacity of Zn 2+  ions. However, a poor conductivity of δ-MnO 2 , as well as other crystallographic forms, limits its potential applications. This study focuses on δ-MnO 2  with nanoflower structure supported on graphite flake, namely MNG, for use as an intercalation host material of rechargeable aqueous ZIBs. Pristine δ-MnO 2  nanoflowers and MNG were synthesized and examined using X-ray diffraction, electron spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques. Also, performances of the batteries with the pristine δ-MnO 2  nanoflowers and MNG cathodes were studied in CR2032 coin cells. MNG exhibits a fast insertion/extraction of Zn 2+  ions with diffusion scheme and pseudocapacitive behavior. The battery using MNG cathode exhibited a high initial discharge capacity of 235 mAh/g at 200 mA/g specific current density compared to 130 mAh/g which is displayed by the pristine δ-MnO 2  cathode at the same specific current density. MNG demonstrated superior electrical conductivity compared to the pristine δ-MnO 2 . The results obtained pave the way for improving the electrical conductivity of MnO 2  by using graphite flake support. The graphite flake support significantly improved performances of ZIBs and made them attractive for use in a wide variety of energy applications.

δ-MnO2 nanoflower/graphite cathode for rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries