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Bacteria of the genus  Paracoccus  inhabit various pristine and anthropologically-shaped environments. Many  Paracoccus  spp. have biotechnological value and several are opportunistic human pathogens. Despite extensive knowledge of their metabolic potential and genome architecture, little is known about viruses of  Paracoccus  spp. So far, only three active phages infecting these bacteria have been identified. In this study, 16  Paracoccus  strains were screened for the presence of active temperate phages, which resulted in the identification of five novel viruses. Mitomycin C-induced prophages were isolated, visualized and their genomes sequenced and thoroughly analyzed, including functional validation of their toxin-antitoxin systems. This led to the identification of the first active  Myoviridae  phage in  Paracoccus  spp. and four novel  Siphoviridae  phages. In addition, another 53 prophages were distinguished  in silico  within genomic sequences of  Paracoccus  spp. available in public databases. Thus, the  Paracoccus  virome was defined as being composed of 66 (pro)phages. Comparative analyses revealed the diversity and mosaicism of the (pro)phage genomes. Moreover, similarity networking analysis highlighted the uniqueness of  Paracoccus  (pro)phages among known bacterial viruses.

Characterization of the virome of Paracoccus spp. (Alphaproteobacteria) by combined in silico and in vivo approaches