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A series of new functionalized 3-indolylindolin-2-ones, 3-(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)indolin-2-ones, and 3-(thiophen-2-yl)indolin-2-ones were synthesized by using novel indium (III)-catalysed reaction of various 3-diazoindolin-2-ones with indoles, 1-methylpyrrole, or thiophene  via  one-pot procedure. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized and screened for their  in vitro  antibacterial activity against various  Staphylococcus  species, including methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus . results revealed that five compounds  KS15 ,  KS16 ,  KS17 ,  KS19 , and  KS20  exhibited potent and specific antibacterial activity against  Staphylococcus  species albeit inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. Especially, compounds exhibited superior antibacterial potency against  Staphylococcus epidermidis  compared to the reference drug streptomycin. The most potential compound  KS16  also increased the susceptibility of  Staphylococcus aureus  to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. Among them,  KS16  was found to be a synergistic compound with gentamicin and kanamycin. Furthermore, the cellular level of autolysin protein was increased from the  KS16 -treated  Staphylococcus aureus  cells. Finally,  in vitro  CCK-8 assays showed that  KS16  exhibited no cytotoxicity at the minimum inhibitory concentrations used for killing  Staphylococcus  species. From all our results, novel oxindole compounds directly have lethal action or boost existing antibiotic power with the reduction of doses and toxicity in the treatment of multidrug-resistant  Staphylococcus  species.

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Design, synthesis, and discovery of novel oxindoles bearing 3-heterocycles as species-specific and combinatorial agents in eradicating Staphylococcus species