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Transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from  Bacillus thuringiensis  (Bt) are cultivated extensively, but rapid evolution of resistance by pests reduces their efficacy. We report a 3,370-bp insertion in a cadherin gene associated with resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella ), a devastating global cotton pest. We found the allele ( r15 ) harboring this insertion in a field population from China. The insertion is a miniature inverted repeat transposable element (MITE) that contains two additional transposons and produces two mis-spliced transcript variants ( r15A  and  r15B ). A strain homozygous for  r15  had 290-fold resistance to Cry1Ac, little or no cross-resistance to Cry2Ab, and completed its life cycle on Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac. Inheritance of resistance was recessive and tightly linked with  r15 . For transformed insect cells, susceptibility to Cry1Ac was greater for cells producing the wild-type cadherin than for cells producing the  r15  mutant proteins. Recombinant cadherin protein occurred on the cell surface in cells transformed with the wild-type or  r15A  sequences, but not in cells transformed with the  r15B  sequence. The similar resistance of pink bollworm to Cry1Ac in laboratory- and field-selected insects from China, India and the U.S. provides a basis for developing international resistance management practices.

Transposon insertion causes cadherin mis-splicing and confers resistance to Bt cotton in pink bollworm from China